Intel Core Duo microprocessors

Type CPU / Microprocessor
Family Intel Core Duo
Model number ? U2400
Part number LE80539UE0042M
Specification numbers ? QOBN SL99W SL9UR
Frequency (MHz) ? 1066
Bus speed (MHz) ? 533
Clock multiplier ? 8
Package 479-ball micro FC-BGA
1.38" x 1.38" (3.5 cm x 3.5 cm)

Architecture / Microarchitecture
Manufacturing process 0.065 micron
Data width 32 bit
Number of cores 2
Floating Point Unit Integrated
Level 1 cache size ? 32 KB instruction cache
32 KB data cache
Level 2 cache size ? shared 2 MB cache
Features

* MMX technology
* SSE2
* SSE3
* Execute Disable bit ?
* Virtualization technology

Low power features

* Core AutoHALT, C1/MWAIT, C2, C3 and C4 modes
* Stop Grant mode ?
* Deep Sleep mode ?
* Deeper Sleep mode ?
* Enhanced Deeper Sleep mode ?
* Dynamic Cache sizing ?
* Enhanced SpeedStep technology ?


Electrical/Thermal parameters
V core (V) ? 0.85 - 1.1
Min/Max operating temperature (°C) ? 0 - 100
Min/Max power dissipation (W) ? 3.63 (Enhanced Deeper Sleep mode) / 15.29
Thermal Design Power (W) ? 9

Notes on Intel LE80539UE0042M

* Bus frequency is 133 MHz. Because the processor uses Quad Data Rate bus the effective bus speed is 533 MHz
* Part LE80539UE0042M is an OEM processor

Intel Micro Processors

The industry of memory became completely tedious during these last years since the introduction of technology DDR2. There really were nothing of nine and exciting to announce during a completely certain hour, and now that AMD and Intel are both using technology DDR2, the memory became more plain. On traditional market DDR2-533 and even 667 of execution are now obsolete, with DDR2-800 becoming the new standard. While DDR2-667 functions well with processors of AMD, the new race of the microprocessors of Intel appreciates the bandwidths slightly larger of memory provided by memory DDR2-800.

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The majority of the modules of memory DDR2-800 are in fact right old flat modules DDR2-667 with synchronizations slightly weaker and more tension. Add enough tension and some of the modules more high-quality struck DDR2-1067 and over there. Unfortunately, this high-speed memory DDR2 did not come cheap, with the calculation of the costs of much of kits 2GB above $500. The problem is these ultra modules at end high of memory are far from being solutions of good value. These top of the line kits of memory is purely a luxury and those seeking a decent blow for your option of male will not give even to these modules a glance.

The other problem is right about each principal manufacturer of module of memory, and there is more than one half-dozen of them, fight to differentiate their parts at end high. Nowadays any module of memory focused by execution will comprise a heatspreader and probably even a coloured chart, but not much offer users anything else. Behind in days, Mushkin developed the heatspreader which obtained identification to them, but maintaining each one the heatspreader employs. Much even tried to modify the heatspreader to create something more exciting, however to date where the heatspreader is more or less identical as it always was.

The corsair took the heatspreader and added the activity LED, which was a rather fresh idea, and while it does not do anything for the execution, of the modders of case became very excited about these modules. Little time after some other module of memory the manufacturers copied the activity LED, which to a certain extent declared that the corsair were successful with this idea. Since then there was no other development of the manufacturers of module of memory, limiting our choices to the brilliant heatspreaders with the twinkling lights. It was up to now, it would seem, like OCZ launches their news memory of edition of FlexXLC.

In conclusion, a manufacturer of module of memory proposed an idea which returns not to only to seem them modules of fresh memory, but the assistance also to run the cooler much. Support when heatspreaders for modules of memory in the beginning were conceived, more claimed they were a waste of time and did not do anything for the execution. They were in line pretty much of spot with their complaints, because the memory chips found on SDR older and modules of memory of GDR produced very small heat. In some manner that today, with modules functioning well above their conceived characteristics and demanding 2.4v+, heat becomes a serious problem for modules of memory.

This being the case, an idea which can eliminate this problem obviously will be a success. Recently the corsair released their �series of dominator�, who looked at just like their �pro series�, but instead of the lights of LED these dominator which the modules comprised of large ailerons conceived for a better effectiveness of cooling. Well, OCZ can have borrowed this idea for their memory of edition of FlexXLC, but they took certainly it on the next level. Today we have the first modules water-cooled of memory, brought to you by OCZ. Evaluated with PC2-9200 (DDR2-1150), they are also the fastest modules of memory available.

The Intel 8008

Intel 8008 was a first microprocessor designed and built by Intel and presented in April 1972. The 8008,1201 in the beginning called, the beginning was commissioned by company of computer terminal for the use in its programmable terminal of Datapoint 2200, but because the piece was delivered late and did not achieve the goals of the execution of the CTC, the piece was not employed in the 2200. An agreement between Intel and the CTC made it possible at Intel to launch the piece to other customers.

Applied in PMOS of 10.m silicon-carries, the initial versions of the 8008 functioned with 0.5 megahertz, later increased into 8008-1 to 0.8 megahertz. While few slower in terms instructions a second (45.000 100.000) [1] that 4 the bit Intel 4004 and Intel 4040, the fact that the 8008 treated data eight bits at the same time and could reach the RAM appreciably more really gave him 3 to 4 times the true capacity for treatment of the 4 pieces of bit.

The whole of instruction of the 8008 and the central processing units of treatment following of Intel CISC were strongly based on the design of the CTC.

The piece (limited by its IMMERSION of 18 terminals packing up) had a simple bus with 8 bits and required a significant quantity of external logic of support. For example, the address of the bit 14, which could reach �16 K X 8 bits of memory� ^[1], had to be locked by part of this logic in an external address register of memory (MARCH). The 8008 could reach 8 input ports and 24 ports of output.

For the controller and the final use of tube it was an acceptable design, but it was too difficult to employ for the majority of the other tasks. Some first designs of computer were based on him, but the majority would employ Intel late and in the place considerably improved 8080.

Family 8008 also indicated under the name of the MCS-8.
Next which is Intel 8080 (and the last for this post because I know half of you would have already lost the interest and even the people who could have been interested would give up also soon) was a very significant model in the line of Intel. It is an article which was majorly published for not filling the whole loads of the refuse.

The Intel 4040

The microprocessor of Intel 4040 was the successor at Intel 4004. It was presented in 1974. The 4040 used a technology of silicon-carries PMOS of 10.m and could carry out 60.000 instructions roughly a second.

New devices

• Interruption
• Step by step

Prolongations

• The whole of instruction increased with 60 instructions
• The memory of program increased to 8 KiB
• The registers increased to 24
• The pile of sub-routine increased on 7 levels deeply

Originators

Federico Faggin proposed the project, formulated architecture and carried out the design. The detailed design was made by Tom In.

New pieces of support

• 4201 - The clock 500 generator to 740 kilocycles using of the crystals from 4 to 5.185 megahertz
• 4308 - 1 ROMANIAN of KiB
• 4207 - Port of output of universal use of byte
• 4209 - Input port of universal use of byte
• 4211 - Wearing of universal use of input-output of byte
• 4289 - Interface standard of memory (replaces 4008/4009)
• 4702 - 256 byte UVEPROM
• ROMANIANS of 4316 - of 2 KiB
• 4101 - 256 word RAM of 4 bits

The third processor was Intel 8008 which is not yet as as many others signicant but always an advance in the field of the microprocessors.

The Intel 4004

Intel 4004, is a central processing unit of treatment of 4 bits (central processing unit of treatment) released by Intel Corp. in 1971, the first microprocessor of only one commercial piece of the world is largely considered. The 4004 used a technology of silicon-carries PMOS (p-type semiconductor metal oxidizes 10.m) and could carry out 60.000 instructions roughly a second.

The 4004 were released in 16 pin CERDIP packing up on November 15, 1971. The 4004 is the first processor of computer designed and built by the Intel chipmaker, who previously made memory chips of semiconductor. The originators as a chief of the piece were Federico Faggin (project manager and originator of chips) and Ted Hoff (architecture) of Intel and Masatoshi Shima de Busicom (later of ZiLOG). Shima conceived the software packages of computer of Busicom and helped Faggin during the execution.

At the origin conceived for Japanese Busicom company to be used in their line of computer (instead of the complex tiddlywinks of computer of special goal that Busicom had been conceived and brought to Intel to have made, that Intel given was too complex to make with technology they had then), the 4004 were also equipped with family of the pieces realized on order of support ( for example, each �ROMANIAN of program� internally locked for its personal use the keynote speech of bit 4004 ' S 12, which left 4 KBs of access report of the adress bus of bit 4 if each of the 16 ROMANIANS were installed). Circuit 4004 was established of 2.250 transistors, and was followed the next year of the first microprocessor to 8 bits, 3.300 transistor 8008 (and 4040, of the 4004 revised).

Now, after slightly of an introduction at Intel 4004 let to us come to the technical specifictions. (I still say that the majority of this were taken of Wikipedia and I feel that it is not any point taking the trouble of reading the whole article because I copied the whole article almost.) Intel 4004 had

• The maximum frequency of clock is of 740 kilocycles
• Separate storage of program and data (C. - with-D., an architecture of Harvard). The opposite with the majority of architecture of Harvard conceives, however, which uses the separated buses, the 4004, with its need to reduce the account of pin, of the uses a simple multiplexed bus of 4 bits for the transfer:
  • 12 addresses of bit
  • instructions with 8 bits
  • 4 words containing of the data of bit
• The whole of instruction contains 46 instructions (of which 41 is 8 bits with far and 5 are 16 bits with far)
• The whole of register contains 16 registers of 4 bits each one
• The internal pile of sub-routine is 3 levels deeply

Microarchitecture and pinout

Architectural functional diagram of Intel 4004.

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Intel 4004 PLUNGE the pinout of piece.

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Pieces realized on order of support

• 4001: ROMANIAN of 256 bytes (256 program instructions to 8 bits), and a wearing of input-output of bit of the integrated function 4
• 4002: RAM of 40 bytes (80 4 words containing of the data of bit), and a port of output of bit of the integrated function 4; the part of RAM of the piece is organized in four �registers� of twenty 4 words of bit:
  • 16 words containing of the data (used for figures of mantissa in the original design of computer)
  • 4 status words (used for figures of exhibitor and sign inside original design of computer)
• 4003: shift register of output of parallel of bit 10 for keyboards of sweeping, postings, printers, etc
• 4008: bolt of address with 8 bits for the access to the standard memory chips, and a piece of bit of the integrated function 4 chosen and wearing of input-output
• 4009: program and converter of access of input-output to the standard memory and the pieces of input-output.

The second processor which is Intel 4040 has less to say compared to earliest because it is almost if I can say an �up to date� version of Intel 4004.

The Intel 8080

Intel 8080 was a first microprocessor designed and built by Intel. The central processing unit of treatment 8 bits was in April 1974 released operation with 2 megahertz (with 640.000 instructions a second), and is generally considered the first design truly usable of central processing unit of treatment of microprocessor. It was application in the NMOS.

Model of programming

Intel 8080 was the successor at Intel 8008; it was due to its source-compatible being assembly language, since it employed the same whole of instruction developed by company of computer terminal. The great packing of IMMERSION of 40 terminals 8080 ' S enabled him to provide an adress bus of 16 bits and a data bus to 8 bits, to leave easy access to 64 kilobytes of memory.

Registers

The processor had seven registers with 8 bits, six of which could be combined in three pairs of 16 bits of register (BEFORE JESUS CHRIST, Of and HL). It also had the accumulator with 8 bits, the indicator of pile of 16 bits to the memory (replacing pile 8008 ' S interns), and a meter of program of 16 bits.

operations of 16 bits

In spite of the fact that the 8080 were generally a processor with 8 bits, it could also charge immediate any pairs with register (LXI), increment or d�cr�menter records of them pairs (INX, DCX), add the pairs of register (DAD), commutates HL with (XCHG) and carries out the arithmetic shift of 16 bits (DAD H) with an order. Consequently some operations of 16 bits were already possible.

The left space of input-output

The 8080 supported to 256 ports of the input-output (input-output), reached of the programs via the devoted input-output instruction-each instruction taking an address of wearing of input-output as a its operand. It arrangement-using a separate address of input-output space-is generally used now less than the cartography of memory of the ports/devices of input-output. Per hour of launching 8080 ' S, this input-output tracing arrangement was seen as favours, because it released to the top the limited number of the processor of pins of address for space of addressing of memory. In the majority of other architectures of central processing unit of treatment, however, the cartography of the wearing of input-output in a space of common addressing for the memory and the input-output, gave a simpler whole of instruction; no need for separate instructions of input-output. The left arrangement of input-output of 8080 models continued in families 8085 and x86 of Intel of the microprocessors, as well as the series of Zilog Z80.

Use of Pine

The adress bus had its clean 16 pins, and the data bus had 8 terminals which were possible to employ without multiplexing. Using the two additional pins (read and write the signals), it was possible to assemble the simple microcontr�leurs very easily. Only separated space, the interruptions and the DMA of i/o required additional pieces to decode the signals of pin of processor. However the load capacity of processor was limited, and even the simple computers frequently contained amplifiers of bus.

There was an enormous table after this that I abstained from to be added due to the length of the post.

Applications and successors

The 8080 were employed in many first microcomputers, such as the computer of the ALTAIR 8800 of MITS, final computer of technology SOL-20 of processor and microcomputer of IMSAI 8080, forming the base for machines running the CP/M of the operating system (more later, entirely compatible and the able, processor of Zilog Z80 would benefit from this, with Z80 and CP/M becoming the dominant combination of central processing unit of treatment and OS of the period just like x86 and MS-DOS for the PC per decade later). The first individual-board microcomputer was based on the 8080. The company Landis and Gyr employed it on its equipment by data acquisition electric regulator, WORKING Datagyr during the beginning of the year eighty.

Moreover, several first video games of arcade were established around microprocessor 8080. The invaders of space were perhaps most popular one such title.

Little time after the launching of the 8080, the design of competition of Motorola 6800 was presented, and after this, technology 6502Zilog of MOS presented Z80, which had an instruction in regulated compatible machine language and has at the beginning employed the same thing assembly language like the 8080, but for legal reasons, Zilog developed a syntactic-different alternative assembly language for Z80. To Intel, the 8080 were followed of 8085 compatible and electrically the more elegant, and later from the 8086 of 16 compatible bits assembly language and then 8/16-bit 8088, which was chosen by IBM so that its new PC is launched in 1981. The 8080, via its BOARD, thus made a durable impact on the history of computer. variation of the 6800.

The Soviet Union manufactured of the 8080 KP580.K80 called analogues complete (marked later like KP580BM80), where even the pins were placed identically. This processor was probably the base of Radio86RK the individual-board computer of the most popular amateur in the Soviet Union. The predecessor of Radio86RK was the Microphone-80 ( ..... - 80 in the Russian), and his successor Orion-128 (..... - 128 in the Russian) which had a graphic posting.

8080 also changed how computers were created. When the 8080 were presented, of the computing systems were usually created by computer manufacturers such as Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett Packard, or IBM. A manufacturer would produce the whole computer, including the processor, the terminals, and the software system such as compilers and operating system. The 8080 were conceived really for Juste approximately any application except a complete computing system. Hewlett Packard developed the HP 2640 series of intelligent terminals around the 8080. The HP 2647 was a terminal which ran the BASIC on the 8080. Microsoft would create the first popular computer programming language for the 8080, and acquerrait later DOS for the IBM-PC.

It is the end of these post and next time which I will make sure that I do not write anything about the processors unimportant and only the important ones.

The Intel 8008

Intel 8008 was a first microprocessor designed and built by Intel and presented in April 1972. The 8008,1201 in the beginning called, the beginning was commissioned by company of computer terminal for the use in its programmable terminal of Datapoint 2200, but because the piece was delivered late and did not achieve the goals of the execution of the CTC, the piece was not employed in the 2200. An agreement between Intel and the CTC made it possible at Intel to launch the piece to other customers.

Applied in PMOS of 10.m silicon-carries, the initial versions of the 8008 functioned with 0.5 megahertz, later increased into 8008-1 to 0.8 megahertz. While few slower in terms instructions a second (45.000 100.000) [1] that 4 the bit Intel 4004 and Intel 4040, the fact that the 8008 treated data eight bits at the same time and could reach the RAM appreciably more really gave him 3 to 4 times the true capacity for treatment of the 4 pieces of bit.

The whole of instruction of the 8008 and the central processing units of treatment following of Intel CISC were strongly based on the design of the CTC.

The piece (limited by its IMMERSION of 18 terminals packing up) had a simple bus with 8 bits and required a significant quantity of external logic of support. For example, the address of the bit 14, which could reach �16 K X 8 bits of memory� ^[1], had to be locked by part of this logic in an external address register of memory (MARCH). The 8008 could reach 8 input ports and 24 ports of output.

For the controller and the final use of tube it was an acceptable design, but it was too difficult to employ for the majority of the other tasks. Some first designs of computer were based on him, but the majority would employ Intel late and in the place considerably improved 8080.

Family 8008 also indicated under the name of the MCS-8.
Next which is Intel 8080 (and the last for this post because I know half of you would have already lost the interest and even the people who could have been interested would give up also soon) was a very significant model in the line of Intel. It is an article which was majorly published for not filling the whole loads of the refuse.

The ‘K’olumn - The Intel Legacy: Part 1

Hello, each one no matter who who is a narrow disciple of this blog will know that it is my second on the post on the nut of technology. (Well, maintaining each one knows differently as well). Without more delay I would like to give a small introduction to this post - as the major part of the people knows that Intel is one of the most famous companies of today in the field of the microprocessors and reached a size where it is competed per few others (AMD for example). However little would worry about knowing the history to the top of the processors of Intel. I gave the line below and will speak about the first four processors (source: Wikipedia).

4004. 4040. 8008. 8080. 8085. iAPX 432. i860. i960. 8086. 8088. 80186. 80188. 80286. 80386. 80486. Pentium. Pentium pro. Pentium II. Pentium III. Itanium. Pentium 4. Pentium D. Pentium Extreme Edition. Pentium Mr. Duel-Core of Pentium. Core. Core 2. Celeron. Xeon. XScale. Itanium 2

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Intel 4004

Intel 4004, is a central processing unit of treatment of 4 bits (central processing unit of treatment) released by Intel Corp. in 1971, the first microprocessor of only one commercial piece of the world is largely considered. The 4004 used a technology of silicon-carries PMOS (p-type semiconductor metal oxidizes 10.m) and could carry out 60.000 instructions roughly a second.

The 4004 were released in 16 pin CERDIP packing up on November 15, 1971. The 4004 is the first processor of computer designed and built by the Intel chipmaker, who previously made memory chips of semiconductor. The originators as a chief of the piece were Federico Faggin (project manager and originator of chips) and Ted Hoff (architecture) of Intel and Masatoshi Shima de Busicom (later of ZiLOG). Shima conceived the software packages of computer of Busicom and helped Faggin during the execution.

At the origin conceived for Japanese Busicom company to be used in their line of computer (instead of the complex tiddlywinks of computer of special goal that Busicom had been conceived and brought to Intel to have made, that Intel given was too complex to make with technology they had then), the 4004 were also equipped with family of the pieces realized on order of support ( for example, each �ROMANIAN of program� internally locked for its personal use the keynote speech of bit 4004 ' S 12, which left 4 KBs of access report of the adress bus of bit 4 if each of the 16 ROMANIANS were installed). Circuit 4004 was established of 2.250 transistors, and was followed the next year of the first microprocessor to 8 bits, 3.300 transistor 8008 (and 4040, of the 4004 revised).

Now, after slightly of an introduction at Intel 4004 let to us come to the technical specifictions. (I still say that the majority of this were taken of Wikipedia and I feel that it is not any point taking the trouble of reading the whole article because I copied the whole article almost.) Intel 4004 had

• The maximum frequency of clock is of 740 kilocycles
• Separate storage of program and data (C. - with-D., an architecture of Harvard). The opposite with the majority of architecture of Harvard conceives, however, which uses the separated buses, the 4004, with its need to reduce the account of pin, of the uses a simple multiplexed bus of 4 bits for the transfer:
  • 12 addresses of bit
  • instructions with 8 bits
  • 4 words containing of the data of bit
• The whole of instruction contains 46 instructions (of which 41 is 8 bits with far and 5 are 16 bits with far)
• The whole of register contains 16 registers of 4 bits each one
• The internal pile of sub-routine is 3 levels deeply

Microarchitecture and pinout

Architectural functional diagram of Intel 4004.

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Intel 4004 PLUNGE the pinout of piece.

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Pieces realized on order of support

• 4001: ROMANIAN of 256 bytes (256 program instructions to 8 bits), and a wearing of input-output of bit of the integrated function 4
• 4002: RAM of 40 bytes (80 4 words containing of the data of bit), and a port of output of bit of the integrated function 4; the part of RAM of the piece is organized in four �registers� of twenty 4 words of bit:
  • 16 words containing of the data (used for figures of mantissa in the original design of computer)
  • 4 status words (used for figures of exhibitor and sign inside original design of computer)
• 4003: shift register of output of parallel of bit 10 for keyboards of sweeping, postings, printers, etc
• 4008: bolt of address with 8 bits for the access to the standard memory chips, and a piece of bit of the integrated function 4 chosen and wearing of input-output
• 4009: program and converter of access of input-output to the standard memory and the pieces of input-output.

The second processor which is Intel 4040 has less to say compared to earliest because it is almost if I can say an �up to date� version of Intel 4004.

Intel 4040

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The microprocessor of Intel 4040 was the successor at Intel 4004. It was presented in 1974. The 4040 used a technology of silicon-carries PMOS of 10.m and could carry out 60.000 instructions roughly a second.

New devices

• Interruption
• Step by step

Prolongations

• The whole of instruction increased with 60 instructions
• The memory of program increased to 8 KiB
• The registers increased to 24
• The pile of sub-routine increased on 7 levels deeply

Originators

Federico Faggin proposed the project, formulated architecture and carried out the design. The detailed design was made by Tom Innes.

New pieces of support

• 4201 - The clock 500 generator to 740 kilocycles using of the crystals from 4 to 5.185 megahertz
• 4308 - 1 ROMANIAN of KiB
• 4207 - Port of output of universal use of byte
• 4209 - Input port of universal use of byte
• 4211 - Wearing of universal use of input-output of byte
• 4289 - Interface standard of memory (replaces 4008/4009)
• 4702 - 256 byte UVEPROM
• ROMANIANS of 4316 - of 2 KiB
• 4101 - 256 word RAM of 4 bits

The third processor was Intel 8008 which is not yet as as many others signicant but always an advance in the field of the microprocessors.

P55C, Tillamook

The P55C (or 80503) was developed by Research from Intel and development centre in Ha�fa, Israel. It was sold under the name of Pentium with MX technology (usually just called Pentium MX); although it was based on the P5 core (the 0.35 �m of process was also employed for this series) which it comprised a new whole of 57 instructions �MX� designed to improve the execution on tasks of multi-media, such as the coding and of the numerical data of media of decoding. The new instructions work on new types of data: packed vectors 64-bit of eight integers to 8 bits, of four integers of 16 bits, two integers with 32 bits, or of an integer 64-bit. Execution of P 55 C.A. improved above the versions preliminary by a doubling the hiding-place central processing unit treatment level 1 16 KiB to 32 KiB.

The central processing units of treatment of book of Pentium P55C used �a mobile module� which held the central processing unit of treatment. This module was a chart with the central processing unit of treatment directly attached to him in a smaller special factor of form. The module broken with the mother chart of book and typically a dish of spacer of heat was installed and contact established with the module. Such books frequently employed the tiddlywinks of Intel 430MX, a 430FX device-tiny room. However, with 0.25 mobile Pentium MX of Tillamook of �m (baptized name of a city in Oregon), the module also held the tiddlywinks 430TX with the cache memory of KiB SRAM of system 512.

I limit myself only to one more in order to reduce complains expect more parts legacy. The next one is Pentium pro.

Pentium pro

Pentium pro is a microprocessor of architecture of the sixth-generation x86 (P6 core) produced by Intel and in the beginning was designed to replace original Pentium in a full extent of the applications, but later, was tiny room to a narrower role like waiter and piece of high office at end. Pentium pro was capable of combine and the configurations of quadruple-processor. It was presented in a factor of form exceptionally large and rectangular of casing 8 in November 1995. Intel since stopped it in favour of the newer lines at end raised of processor of Xeon.

Pentium pro (given the produced code of Intel 80521), was the first generation of the P6 architecture, which would carry Intel in the following decade well. The design would measure of its initial beginning of 150 megahertz, all the manner up to 1.4 gigahertz with Pentium III. of �Tualatin�. Pentium pro had a theoretical execution of 400 MFLOPS. The various features of the core would continue then that in the core derived called �Banias� in Pentium M and the core from Intel (Yonah), that itself would be transformed into the architecture of core (processor of core 2) in 2006 and following. The execution with the code with 32 bits was excellent and well in front of older Pentium then, by 25-35%; however, the pro execution of 16 bits of Pentium was roughly only 20% faster than Pentium to run the code of 16 bits. It was this, with the pro high price of Pentium, due partly of the L2 hiding-place at any speed, which because rather with the reception of tern for the piece among much the enthusiasts at the house of PC, data predominance at the Windows time of 16 bits 3.1x and MS-DOS (Dung from Microsoft on sale).

The pro (P6) core of Pentium comprised a choice of advanced technologies of RISC, although it was not the first central processing unit of x86 treatment with such an approach - before him, the translation x86 intern already used of processor of NexGen Nx586 to his own whole of instruction of industrial property of RISC86 TM. Perhaps the most obvious sign that the things had changed was that the central processing units of treatment �front end� decoded old instructions IA32 according to the microinstructions that the pro core of RISC then treated. The core of Pentium pro comprised several new technologies, including: speculative execution, superpipelining, a L2 hiding-place advanced, retitrant register, broken down execution, and a broader adress bus of bit 36 (usable by PAE). After the microprocessor was released a bug was discovered in the unit of floating decimal point, generally called the �Pentium bug pro and of Pentium II FPU� and by Intel like �erratum of flag�.

The pro the apparent addition of probable Pentium was his hiding-place of the L2 on-package. When, manufacturing technology does not have feasible licence with the L2 hiding-place to be integrated in the core of processor. Intel in the place placed L2 die separately in the package which always allowed him to function at the same frequency of clock as the core of central processing unit of treatment. Moreover, unlike the hiding-place chart-based which divided the bus of principal system with the central processing unit of treatment, the pro seals of Pentium catched his own bus of behind (called independent bus duel by Intel). For this reason, the central processing unit of treatment could indicate of main memory and mask jointly, considerably reducing a traditional neck. The hiding-place was also �non-blocking�, meaning that the processor could at the same time publish more than one request of hiding-place (up to 4), while reducing hiding-place-miss the penalties.

However, this L2 hiding-place much faster came with some complications. All the versions of the piece were expensive, those with more than 256 KiB being particularly thus. The pro arrangement �of hiding-place of on-package� was single. The processor and the hiding-place were on the matrices separated in the same package and connected narrowly in the bus at any speed. The two matrices - which were very large by the standards of the day - had to be stuck together early in the manufacturing process, before the test was possible. This meant that simple and tiny straw in one or the other dies makes him necessary to throw the whole unit, which was one of the reasons of the pro relatively low output of production of Pentium and of the high cost.

Improvements over i486

• Structure of Superscalar - Pentium has two datapaths (drains) which enables him to achieve more than one instruction by rate/rhythm. A pipe (called �U�) can handle any instruction, whereas the other (called �V�) can handle simplest, the majority of the common instructions. The use of more than one drain is a typical characteristic of the designs of processors of RISC, the first of to be much applied on the platform x86, of this fact announcing the road to take, and proving that it was possible to amalgamate two technologies, creating the �hybrid� processors almost.
• circulation of data 64-bit - this doubles the quantity of information drawn from the memory on each effort. This does not mean that Pentium can carry out 64-bit applications; its principal registers are always 32 bits with far.
• Instructions MX (posterior models only) - that an overall basic prolongation of instruction of SIMD conceived for the use in applications of multi-media.

The pieces of architecture of Pentium offered right under twice the execution of a processor 486 per rate/rhythm. The fastest Intel 486 shares was almost same speed like Pentium of first generation, and the AMD Am5�86 was harshly equal to Pentium 75.

Series of Pentium (the� traditional one �) were conceived to function with more than 100 million instructions a second (MIPS), with the model operation of 75 megahertz with 126.5 MIPS.

Lead-Free Microprocessors Planned By Intel

In second half of 2007, Intel want the transition to it to the 'production from S 45nm Safety-K, which will produce the microprocessors without lead, such as the duet of Intel Core2, the quadruple of core 2 and Xeon.

. Fil is employed in a series of packages micro-electronics and the bumps which attacha piece of Intel to the packages. The packages roll up around the piece and finally connect it to the mother chart. Various types of packages are employed for processors aimed to the specific market segments, including mobile, the desktop machine and the waiter. The designs of package include the line of grid of pin, the line of grid of ball and the line of ground grid, and all are of 100 percent of without lead at Intel 'generation of technology of S 45nm Safety-K. In 2008, the company also transition its products from the tiddlywinks 65nm to 100 percent of technology without lead. Intel of the 'processors of S 45nm not only are without lead, they also make use of the technology of company 'of silicon of S Safety-K for the reduced escape of transistor, allowing processors more ideal efficiency and more high output. .

INTEL

Intel is also an abbreviation for the intelligence, used in the reference to the military intelligence and espionage, but this article is about Intel Corporation.

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Intel Corporation (Nasdaq: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Electronics integrated Corporation, is a multinational based with the United States which is most known for the conceiving microprocessors and of manufacture and the integrated circuits specialized. Intel also makes charts of network, chipsets of mother chart, components, and other devices. Intel has advanced research projects in all the aspects of the manufacture of semiconductor, including MEMS.

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Overall picture

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Intel was founded in 1968 per Gordon E. Moore (a chemist and a physicist) and Robert Noyce (a physicist and an Co-inventor of the integrated circuit) when they left the semiconductor of Fairchild. It is remarkable that competitor AMD from Intel was also founded by the eight unfair ones, in 1969. Intel 'employed the number four of S was the plantation of Andy (a chemical engineer), which directed the company by most of the Eighties and the Nineties to rapid growth. It is the plantation which is now recalled as a company 'principal chief of S. Towards end of the year 90, Intel was one of largest and the companies most successful in the world, however fierce competition in the industry of semiconductor since decreased its position slightly.

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Intel C4004, the first microprocessor of only one piece 1971�

Gold and white with traces of gray specimen�

belongs to the initial series of CERDIP

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SRAMS and the microprocessor

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The company the 'products of S first were integrated circuits of random access storage, and Intel became either a chief on the markets violently competing of DRACHMA, SRAM, and ROMANIAN throughout the Seventies. Jointly, Intel machine Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented the first microprocessor. At the origin developed for the Japanese company Busicom to replace a certain number of ASIC of 's in a computer already produced by Busicom, Intel 4004 was presented to the market general public on November 15, 1971, although the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel 'businesses of S until the middle of the Eighties. (Note: Intel is usually given the credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor.)

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DRACHMA with the microprocessors

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In 1983 at the dawn of the era of personal computer, Intel of the 'benefit of S.A. raised of the increased pressure of the Japanese manufacturers of memory-piece, and the plantation of Andy of president of the time led the company in a hearth on microprocessors. The plantation described this transition in the book only that the paranoid one survive. A key component of its plan was the concept, then considered radical, to become the simple source for successors with microprocessor 8086 popular.

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Up to that point, the manufacture of the complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough so that the customers depend on a simple supplier, but the plantation started to produce processors in three geographically distinct factories, and ceased authorizing the designs of piece to the competitors such as Zilog and AMD. When the industry of PC burst towards end of the year 80 and of the Nineties, Intel was one of the primary education recipients.

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The rise in architecture of PC

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During the Nineties, Intel 'the laboratories of architecture of S Intel (IAL) was responsible for several of the innovations of material of the PC, including the bus of NCV, the bus of PCI Express (PCIe), the bus of universal periodic publication (USB), and now-dominant architecture for waiters of multiprocessor. IAL 'efforts of software of S met a destiny more mixed; its video and software of graphs were important in the development of the digital video of software, but later its efforts were mainly eclipsed by the competition of Microsoft. Competition between Intel and Microsoft was indicated in testimony to the antitrust test of Microsoft.

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Processor of Intel Pentium 4

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Association with Apple

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On June 6, 2005, President Steve Jobs of computer Apple Annonc� in its talk of orientation with WWDC that Apple transitioning its length. the architecture of PowerPC to the central processing units of treatment of Intel supported. The reasons indicated for the change were vague, but the thermal exits included, as recent pieces of G5-class PowerPC are well-known to run hot. Moreover, it was implied that the roadmaps of PowerPC of future could not satisfy Apple the 'needs for S in terms of computing power. In particular, the condition wide capacity of the G5 pieces was seen like important obstacle, preventing the placement of such a piece in one of Apple 'of the laptops of S, PowerBook and the iBook. The change at Intel began on January 10, 2006, by the release of MacBook Pro and of a revised iMac followed by Mac revised the minis released February 28, 2006. Apple has at the beginning envisaged to put pieces of Intel in very of their computers towards the end of 2007, but according to work the transition will be now complete towards the end of 2006.

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Compete with and antitrust

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Intel 'predominance of S in the microprocessor x86 centered on the market with many expenses of the antitrust violations during the years, including investigations of $$etFTC in both the end of the year 1980 and in 1999, and civil proceedings such as the costume 1997 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a costume of patent by Intergraph. Intel 'predominance of the market of S (at the same time it ordered more than 85% of the market for the microprocessors with 32 bits of PC) combined with Intel 's have the legal tactics of hard ball (such as its costume of infamous patent 338 against manufacturers of PC) made him an attractive target for the litigation, but little of the lawsuits ever rose with anything.

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Currently, only the competitor main thing at Intel on the market of the processor x86 is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), with which Intel had full agreements of exchange of licence since 1976: each associate can employ the other 'the technological innovations patented by S without expenses. Some smaller basic processors power of product of competitors as Via and of Transmeta for small computers of factor and portable equipment.

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A case of the industrial espionage ariseeed into 1995 which implied Intel and AMD. Guillermo Gaede, an Argentinian national formerly used with AMD and Intel the 'factory of S Arizona, guilty pled in March 1996 to try into 1993 to sell the i486 and the designs of Pentium to AMD and certain foreign powers. Gaede recorded data of its screen of computer at Intel and dispatched them in video with AMD, which alerted Intel and of the authorities, having for arrest result of Gaede 'of S.

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In June 2005, AMD continued Intel in two jurisdictions for anticomp�titives practices. The Japanese Commission of trade right found in favour of AMD; the other case will be heard by a court in Delaware. The case in Japan led to incursions of paddle by the European Commission on some European desks of Intel in July 2005.

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Intel classified its response in September to AMD to 'lawsuit of S and refuted AMD 'complaints of S, informant who his procedures of management are right and legal. In its refutation, Intel presented the skeleton of its legal defense, which included a deconstruction of AMD 'of wounding strategy of S and invoiced the load that AMD 'market situation of length-fight of S is mainly a result of bad economic decisions and incompetence of management, including underinvestment in essential production capacity and the overreliance on foundries of piece of provisioning outside.

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The jurisconsults envisage the lawsuit will trail most probably outside during a certain number of years, since Intel 'answer of S indicates that they are not likely to test and arrange with AMD.

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Control

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Robert Noyce was Intel 'President of S to his foundation in 1969, followed by the cofounder Gordon Moore in 1975. The plantation of Andy was well to the company to the 'president of S in 1979 and added the title of President in 1987 when Moore went well to the President. In the successful plantation 1997 Moore as President, and Craig Barrett, already president of company, succeeded. On May 18, 2005, Barrett gave the reins of the company more to Paul Otellini, who previously was the president of company and was responsible for Intel 'victory of design of S in the original PC from IBM. The board of directors elected Otellini, and Barrett replaced the plantation as chairman of the board. The plantation brought back as President, but will be maintained as an special adviser.

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Corporative government

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The current members of the board of directors of Intel are: Craig Barrett, Charlene Barshefsky, John Browne, James Guzy, tubular Hundt, James To pluck, David Pottruck, Jane Shaw, John Thornton, and David Yoffie.

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Origin of the name

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In its foundation, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce wanted to call their new company Moore Noyce . This name, however, seemed remarkably similar more noise - a name badly matched for a company of electronics, since the noise is typically associated with the bad interference. They then employed the electronics of nanometer of name during almost a year, before the decision to call them or of electronics integrated by company Intel for the shorts. However, Intel was already trademarked by a chain of hotel, thus they had to buy the lines for this name at the beginning.

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� � � We specialize in the design and the manufacture of the electronic units, some examples of which are:� Wah without wire, pedal of wah (Roger Mayer) Safety of missile of tornado (Thal�s) Remote controls of the race F1 (Ferrari) Speed controllers (wars of robot) Model Traqueurs of order by radio System of track of cells of picovolte Qtronics can be entered in contact with the phone numbers or the email address below: � Office: +44 (0) 161.408 0917 � Press. : FAX +44 (0) 7725615079: 0033321817086 � Email: sales@qtronics.net or tech@qtronics.net �

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The financial information

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Its market cap is approximately $119 billion (March 29, 2006).

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Stock Exchanges

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• Intel is publicly traded in Nasdaq with symbol INTC.

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Diversity

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Intel also has a strong initiative of diversity, including groups of diversity of the employees as well as of the programmes of diversity of supplier. Intel like many companies with groups of diversity of the employees, they include baced groups on the race and nationality as well as the sexual identity and the religion. In 1994, Intel sanctioned one of the groups of homosexual of corporation earliest, lesbian, bisexual, and of transsexual of the employees, and supports a Moslem group of the employees, a Jewish group of the employees, and a Christian group Bible-based.

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Intel received an estimate 100% on the first index of corporation of equality released by the human rights make countryside in 2002. It maintained this estimate in 2003 and 2004. Moreover, the company was called one of the 100 best companies for mothers of operation in 2005 by the magazine of mother of operation. However, Intel 'of the work methods of S always face to criticism, especially of Ken Hamidi, a former employee who was prone to multiple not successful lawsuits of Intel.

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Discussed exits

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Antitrust complaints

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In June 2005, AMD, Intel 'rival as a chief of S on the market of the microprocessor x86, classified an antitrust complaint against Intel and its Japanese subsidiary company in a court of Delaware. Inter alia charges, AMD pled that Intel maintained illegally its monopoly by unjust procedures of management, such as the rigorously lower evaluation for customers provided that microprocessors of Intel were used exclusively in their systems. All to show of it that Intel is held a monopoly is simple (the company is hoped to have a share 80%-90% of the market of processor), the discussion above the of alarm and tactical coercion supposedly used by Intel is likely to be more prolonged. IT of the initiates envisage the case to be a limiting act of terminal in what is a competitive market violently.

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� Intel 'old logo 1968-2005 of S �

� Intel well-known inside the slogan 1990-2005

� New Intel 'logo and slogan 2006 of S - �

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Publicity

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Intel became world 's the majority of the recognizable marks of computer following its length�

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Interior countryside of Intel. The countryside, which started in 1990, was created by the marketing director Dennis Casing of Intel. The tinkling of four-note was presented the following year and by its tenth birthday was heard in 130 countries around the world.

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Intel inside program is very lucrative for advertisers. Intel pays half of costs of publicity any advertisement which employs the interior logo of Intel. However, in the printed media, Intel stipulates that the page that the advertisement is above should not contain any references to the competitors, such as AMD. If the advertisements do not answer these requirements, Intel does not pay half of the cost and the advertiser is interior interdict of the use logo of Intel. Intel employs the personnel whose primary function seeks the advertisements which violate the agreement. The advertisers found to make ainsi-beaucoup of which are moms and the noise stores ignoramuses of refunding agreement-are required to cease violating the use of the logo and are then known as how to employ the logo legally and to obtain part of their costs of refunded publicity.

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The publicity campaign of Centrino enormously was successful, driving with the capacity to reach the Wireless Internet of a laptop becoming related in spirits of the consumers to the pieces of Intel. With RU this because a certain polemic, as the asa confirmed complaints that it was a fallacious advertisement.

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Companies of PC announcing of the products containing of the pieces of Intel are required to include tinkling in their advertisements of film and television in order to receive refunding.

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In December 2005, Intel eliminated the interior Intel countryside in favour of a new logo and slogan, of in front of jump . The new logo is clearly inspired by the interior logo of Intel. In fact, sometimes interior of Intel is employed, only this time with the name of processor between the two words. As as follows: Interior of Intel Core Duo .

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In semi January 2006, Intel announced that they dropped the long name from Pentium of its processors. They eliminated the names from Pentium of the mobile processors initially, when the new pieces of Yonah, marked solo of core and Core Duo, were released. The processors of office will change mark of Pentium quietly when the line of core of the processors are available. The name of Pentium was employed the first time to refer to the 586 processors of Intel (contained refers to the 5 in 586).

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However some in the community of Macintosh were concerned that Intel 's stigmatizing, including the transfers and tinkling, would be employed with new Macintoshes INTEL-based, this did not occur.

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Intel 's interior countryside of Intel was generally considered sale of class of the world. However, during the years there were several plays on Intel stigmatizing arrangement which appeared on the Web. While such blows at Intel are obviously beyond the company of 'capacity of S to order, they tend to prove that not each one believes that Intel 'of the programs and the policies of S are always class of the world. For example, it there inside popular badly logo [1], the omnipresent image of an interior with tomb stone R.I.P Intel [2], and external idiotic logo descriptions : [3]. All the latter belongs to the culture of technology now that Intel is losing market share with AMD [4].

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Intel is an important silent partner of the team of packing of formula 1 of BMW Sauber.

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Type	Public (Nasdaq: INTC)
Founded	1968
Place	Santa Clara, California, the United States (incorporated in Delaware)
Principal people	Paul Otellini, President Craig Barrett, President
Industry	Semiconductors
Products	Microprocessors Memory Flash
Income	$34.2 billion USD (2004)
Web site	www.intel.com

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Tinkling

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Famous the D D flat G flat D flat flat a dish tinkling was written by Walter Werzowa of the Austrian Eighties taking the Edelweiss band.

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